Демчук, В. В. та Толочик, І. Л. та Demchuk, V. V. та Tolochyk, I. L. (2025) ПОКАЗНИКИ ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ ТА ПАРАМЕТРИ ЇХ ФОРМУВАННЯ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ Beta vulgaris var. alba D. C. Вісник Національного університету водного господарства та природокористування (1(109)). с. 41-54.

Text Vs120254.pdf Download(396kB)

Анотація

Статтю присвячено фізіологічним та методологічним аспектам розвитку вчення про інтенсивність та продуктивність фотосинтезу рослин в агрофітоценозах. Проаналізовано залежність показників інтенсивності та продуктивності фотосинтезу цукрових буряків від факторів середовища – інтенсивності та спектрального складу світла, концентрації СО 2 в повітрі, температури повітря та її коливань, забезпеченості рослин водою, елементами мінерального живлення, агротехнічних прийомів із догляду за посівами. Встановлено, що найважливішим фактором, який визначає інтенсивність процесу фотосинтезу цукрових буряків є донорноакцепторні відносини в рослині, де донором виступає листок як виробник фотоасимілянтів, а акцептором – різноманітні, опосередковано задіяні у фотосинтезі клітини, тканини та органи рослин, що сприяють пересуванню, відведенню, використанню на процеси дихання та накопичення синтезованих органічних речовин.

Title in English

PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY INDICATORS AND PARAMETERS OF THEIR FORMATION IN AGROCENOSES Beta vulgaris var. alba D. C.

English abstract

The article is devoted to the physiological and methodological aspects of the development of the theory of the intensity and productivity of plant photosynthesis in agrophytocenoses. The dependence of the intensity and productivity of sugar beet photosynthesis on environmental factors – the intensity and spectral composition of light, the concentration of СО2 in the air, air temperature and its fluctuations, the provision of plants with water, mineral nutrients, and agrotechnical methods of crop care is analyzed. It has been established that the most important factor determining the intensity of the photosynthesis process in sugar beets is the donoracceptor relationship in the plant, in which the leaf acts as the donor, as a producer of photoassimilants, and the acceptor is a variety of plant cells, tissues and organs indirectly involved in photosynthesis, which contribute to the movement, removal, use for respiration processes and accumulation of synthesized organic substances. The ability of sugar beets to photosynthesis is realized due to the joint action of environmental factors: light, water, heat, nutrients in the form of available forms of cations and anions from among macro-, micro- and ultramicroelements, CO2 air, when the plant, as a unique living organism, creates the conditions necessary for the homeostasis of its chlorenchyma cells. Intensity and productivity of photosynthesis. as indicators of photosynthetic activity of sugar beets have a direct relationship – with increasing intensity of photosynthesis, the productivity of this process also increases, which is manifested in the accumulation of economically valuable products by plants. The intensity of photosynthesis of sugar beets increases with increasing chlorophyll content in leaves. The optimal content of chlorophyll a for photosynthesis is considered to be from 3.1 to 5.7 mg/dm². In the process of leaf aging, the intensity of photosynthesis decreases. At elevated temperatures and reduced humidity, the greatest intensity of photosynthesis shifts to the morning hours. In such cases, photosynthesis decreases sharply at noon. An increase in the concentration of CO2 in the air causes an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis. Saturation occurs at a concentration of 0.2–0.3%. A good stimulus for increasing the concentration of CO2 in the surface layer of air is the application of organic fertilizers at the rate of 50–75 t/ha under the sugar beet crop. To ensure the intensity of photosynthesis, sugar beets use a wide range of light wavelengths, because for this crop the value of the light compensation point, at which the processes of respiration and photosynthesis are balanced, is only 3–5% of full saturation. The light intensity on a clear summer day in the Forest-Steppe zone can reach 10 thousand or more lux, but for the maximum intensity of photosynthesis of sugar beets, 5000 is enough. To improve the use of photosynthetic-active radiation by Beta vulgaris var. alba plants and ensure the maximum yield of economically valuable crop products, the crop density during the growing season in the zone of sufficient moisture should be within 100–110 thousand plants per hectare, and in areas of unstable moisture – 90–95 thousand. In addition, the protection system should ensure a low level of weed infestation of crops and minimize their disease damage. An important condition for stimulating the growth processes of sugar beets, increasing the intensity of photosynthesis and plant productivity is the introduction of scientifically based systems of application of organic and mineral fertilizers and soil cultivation into the culture technology. Sunny weather with an air temperature of 18–30° C at a relative soil humidity of 70–75% of the full field moisture capacity – the best for Beta vulgaris var. alba, maximally contributes to the increase in the intensity of photosynthesis and the accumulation of sugar in root crops.

Перегляд елементу

Завантажень